Wildlife feeding on cacao fruits in plantations in Río San Juan, Nicaragua

Abstract

Agroforestry cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) systems conserve biological diversity of wildlife. Some frugivorous species feed on cacao fruits, causing certain reactions from producers. The objective of this study was to describe the context of the relationship between wildlife and cacao production, in order to serve as a basis for later defining strategies that promote coexistence between the two. Information was obtained through focus groups, interviews, surveys, field observations, and literature review. The wildlife species that feed on cacao fruits are mainly squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides), spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), and woodpeckers (Melanerpes hoffmannii), according to producers; they also mentioned kinkajous (Potos flavus), pacas (Cuniculus paca), white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator), and howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). For some producers, fruit damage caused by wildlife may be affecting their economy, while others think that damage is minimal, although it likely depends on the dynamics of production peaks. Wildlife species that feed on cacao fruits live within the plantation; however, some may come from surrounding areas. The management and condition of the cacao plantation may be related to the greater or lesser presence of wildlife. This study has gathered information to describe the relationship between wildlife and cacao production, with the aim of fostering ideas and future research that promote wildlife conservation and ensure proper cacao production.