Coffee production in Nicaragua: An analysis from a plant health perspective

Abstract

Coffee farming in Nicaragua represents a key economic and social activity, especially for small rural producers. This article analyzes coffee production systems from a plant health perspective, highlighting the phytosanitary, social, and environmental challenges facing the crop. Pests such as coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix), considered the most destructive, are identified, with severe impacts on the productivity and economy of coffee-producing families. The study emphasizes the importance of soil macrofauna in soil health and its influence on coffee productivity; however, the intensive use of agrochemicals and the lack of proper management negatively affect these beneficial organisms. At the social level, the farming population is aging, with low levels of education and limited access to technology, which restricts the adoption of sustainable practices. Traditional practices, such as shade management and pruning, remain fundamental for reducing the use of agrochemicals and improving crop health. Likewise, the introduction of rust-resistant varieties has been a key strategy, although limited by the informal nature of its implementation. The need to strengthen research, technical assistance, and education for producers is highlighted to improve the sustainability of the coffee system, considering biodiversity, integrated pest and disease management, and adaptation to climate change.