Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and risk factors over 20 years in the departmental capitals of Nicaragua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5377/universitas.v5i1.1476Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Prevalence, Risk factor's, NicaraguaAbstract
The study focused on determining the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in individuals over 20 years of age in urban areas of Nicaragua. The population over 20 years old was selected using the 2010 census projection in the main cities of the northern, central, and Pacific regions of Nicaragua. The Caribbean Coast was excluded due to feasibility issues. The selected cities were randomly chosen, stratifying the sectors within each city for population selection. Once the locations were defined, participants were randomly selected using the lottery method. The sample size was calculated using the EPIINFO Epidemiological Program version 6.04, with a frequency of 0.5, a maximum allowable error of 3%, and a 95% confidence interval. The total sample size was then multiplied by two to account for the design effect. In the end, a total of 3,150 surveys were conducted. Participants were asked about general information, risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus, and biological variables were measured (blood pressure, heart rate, pulse, weight, height, waist, hips, and blood glucose level—either fasting or random glucose). The results showed a prevalence of 9.5%; 6.1% were found to be prediabetic, and 84.4% did not have the disease at the time of the survey. Diabetes was more prevalent among men (12.9%) compared to women (7.4%). By age group, it was more common in those over 40 years old. Of the 300 diabetics identified in the study, 171 (57%) were aware of their condition, while 129 (43%) were unaware they had the disease. The main risk factors found were: age over 45 years (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 4.2–7.2), history of gestational diabetes in women (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.7–11.7), high blood pressure (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 3.1–5.1), sedentary lifestyle (OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 2.4–4.1), obesity (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 2.0–3.7), and a family history of diabetes (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.6–2.6). In conclusion, Diabetes Mellitus is a significant public health issue for the Nicaraguan population. In low-resource countries, prevention should focus on modifying risk factors such as sedentary lifestyles and obesity, and on promoting healthy lifestyles.
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