Toxicological Characterization of Chemical Products Used in Cleaning Activities in Nicaragua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5377/ul.v13i2.22829Keywords:
cleaning products, hazardous substances, chemical risk, chemical safety, Globally Harmonized SystemAbstract
A wide variety of chemical products with relevant toxicological properties are used in cleaning activities, yet their characterization in Nicaragua remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the main chemical products used in cleaning tasks in nine sites across the country, describing their use, functional and chemical classification, toxicological properties, and recommended safety measures for handling. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in nine educational, administrative, and service institutions. Product characterization was performed through documentary review of technical datasheets, safety data sheets, and international regulations, complemented by direct on-site observation. Products were classified according to functional category, chemical family, and toxicological properties. Recommended safety measures for safe handling were also identified. The most frequently used products were sodium hypochlorite (100%), alkaline detergents (99.1%), formaldehyde-based air fresheners (99.1%), Ajax-type surfactants (46.2%), paraffinic waxes (30.2%), phenolic compounds (29.2%), and acetic acid (18.9%). Predominant chemical families included hypochlorites, strong alkalis, aldehydes, phenols, and anionic surfactants, all exhibiting irritant, corrosive, or sensitizing properties. Most products lacked labeling in accordance with the Globally Harmonized System. The findings highlight the presence of products with relevant toxicological hazards that require specific preventive measures, improved hazard communication, and promotion of safer handling practices.
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