Barriers and challenges perceived by women in their pathway through science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers

Abstract

This study explored women's perceptions of their challenges in STEM careers in the western area of El Salvador. The objective was to identify the factors that influence women's choice of STEM careers and to understand the barriers they face. A descriptive quantitative methodology was used, collecting data from 220 university women through questionnaires. The results revealed that although women's participation in higher education has increased, this has not translated into a proportional presence in engineering careers. Most participants reported not having had role models that significantly impacted their career choices. In addition, a considerable percentage perceived the existence of negative gender stereotypes in their fields of study, although with a variable distribution. In conclusion, the need to implement inclusive educational policies and practices that promote gender equity in access and development in STEM careers is highlighted. It is recommended to reinforce the visibility of female role models in STEM, increase access to STEM-related experiences before higher education, and actively address gender stereotypes in academia. These measures could contribute to a more equitable participation of women in scientific and technological disciplines, which is vital for the economic and social development of the region.