It is an honor to present a new edition of the Torreón Universitario Magazine, the academic publication of the Centro Universitario de Carazo (CUR Carazo), belonging to the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN-Managua). In this edition, the editorial team once again reaffirms its commitment to the dissemination and transfer of knowledge generated by academics in various areas of expertise.

The main objective of these publications is to highlight the scientific research work carried out in the university community, thus promoting the exchange of ideas and the advancement of knowledge. The Torreón Universitario Journal is proud to be a multidisciplinary space where different perspectives and approaches converge, enriching academic debate and fostering innovation.

Scientific research is essential for the development of society, as it allows us to better understand the world around us, solve complex problems, and improve the quality of life. In this sense, the Torreón Universitario Journal plays a fundamental role in disseminating the findings and advances that arise from research, thus contributing to academic and scientific progress.

Logically, the main recipients of the Journal are students and teachers, but special attention is also paid to the organizations with which we have agreements or socio-educational exchanges. Among these are state institutions, private companies, and personalities from the academic field. This approach allows us to strengthen ties with our community and contribute to the socioeconomic and scientific development of Nicaragua.

In this edition, you will find articles that address topics of great relevance and current affairs, written by professors from UNAN-Managua. Each of these works reflects the rigor and dedication with which researchers approach their projects, contributing to the improvement of academic and scientific quality of our institution. These valuable works cover health, inclusivity, innovation and entrepreneurship, education, and economics.

The Torreón Universitario Journal aspires to transcend borders, achieving national and international recognition that reflects the excellence of its publications, convinced that, through collaboration and joint effort, it will be possible to position the journal as a benchmark in the academic field.

We thank all the authors, reviewers, and collaborators who have made this edition possible. Their commitment and professionalism are fundamental to the magazine´s success. I invite our readers to immerse themselves in the contents of this edition and to continue supporting our mission of promoting knowledge and scientific research.