Micronutrients: regulators of the immunnological system and its utility in COVID-19

Abstract

Introduction: There are micronutrients which function allows the normal development of biochemical processes related to the action of the immune system.

Methods: A literature review was performed using vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, quercetin and sulforaphane as search keywords.

Discussion: Vitamin C is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory playing a role in redox balance, playing a fundamental role in counteracting oxidative stress and mainly enhancing the function of neutrophils. It has been proposed that zinc reduces the risk of immune failure by enhancing the action of lymphocytes, especially CD4 T lymphocytes. Vitamin D generates a regulatory effect in the release of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and anti-inflammatory action. The action of NRF2 agonists such as sulforaphane seem to inhibit or slow down viral transcription, viral replication and the production of virions. Some studies suggest that quercetin inhibits the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor in macrophages.

Conclusion: The deficiency of certain micronutrients is related to a deficient response of the immune system. Therefore, supplementation with these molecules can be very useful in prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2. However, the development of larger studies is needed to allow more precise elucidation of the benefit and adverse effects of these micronutrients in COVID-19.